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- <text>
- <title>
- Environmental Protection and International Trade
- </title>
- <article>
- <hdr>
- Human Development Report 1992
- Environmental Protection and International Trade
- </hdr>
- <body>
- <p> Sustainable development strategies highlight some new--and
- difficult--issues for international trade.
- </p>
- <p> One general concern is whether the environmental costs of
- transportation outweigh the economic benefits of trade.
- </p>
- <p> But the most immediate issue is how liberalized
- international markets will affect the environment. Countries
- should not try to gain competitive advantage by lowering
- environmental standards. It may appear that the country is
- benefiting, but the human development consequences will
- generally be negative. People in developing countries who absorb
- dangerous pesticides or inhale industrial fumes in polluted
- cities effectively subsidize their country's exports at the
- expense of their health.
- </p>
- <p> Environmental issues may also become the source of new forms
- of protectionism. Industrial countries could use production
- methods in developing countries as the basis for new types of
- non-tariff barriers. The US, for example, has banned imports of
- tuna from Mexico and several other countries, because dolphins
- were being snared in the same driftnets.
- </p>
- <p> The answer to both problems must be agreed minimum
- international environmental standards. This would mean, for
- example, that countries all over the world would have to
- enforce minimum international norms of emission control on
- factories producing for export. And while importing countries
- would be able to block goods whose production did not meet such
- standards, they would not be able to set arbitrarily high
- standards in order to protect their own industries.
- </p>
- <p> Although the minimum standards should be universal, there
- would still be differences between countries in the actual
- standards they choose. Countries with low income stand to gain
- proportionally much more in human development by increasing
- production and are forced to do so at the expense of the
- environment. They need to be able to choose their own balance
- between income and pollution.
- </p>
- <p> And importing countries with higher environmental standards
- should still be permitted to keep out imports (such as
- inefficient cars) whose use would violate their own
- environmental codes.
- </p>
- <p> The international community has already made a start by
- including trade provisions in multilateral environmental
- agreements. These include the Montreal Protocol
- (ozone-depleting substances), the Washington Convention
- (endangered species) and the Basel Convention (toxic waste).
- </p>
- <p> Much of the debate will still have to take place. A Group on
- Environmental Measures has existed in GATT since 1971--though
- it has only been convened recently. But the next GATT round may
- well be a "Green Round".
- </p>
- <p>Source: United Nations Development Programme
- </p>
- </body>
- </article>
- </text>
-